Daily Schedule:
8:00am - Registration and coffee (1st day only)
8:30am - Session begins
4:30pm - Adjournment
Breakfast, two refreshment breaks and lunch are provided daily.

DESCRIPTION

De-regulation of the electricity markets is sweeping across the world.  There will be increasing opportunities for highly efficient power generating plants, such as combined cycle and co-generation, to compete against the older plants of established utilities.  These new plants are environmentally friendly and more than twice as efficient as the older fossil and nuclear generating plants.  Independent Power Producers and utilities are planning to construct additional combined cycle and co-generation plants due to their short construction lead-time and low capital investment.

Combined cycle plants have a 4 -5 year pay back period because of low staffing requirements and low operating and maintenance costs.  They also have the advantage of long-term fuel price stability, fuel flexibility and low emissions.  These plants can be located close to the power-user reducing transmission costs and increasing reliability.  Studies have identified combined cycles to be the most economic of available power generating methods.  A shake-up in the electricity market is forecasted and the competitive edge of combined cycle plants provides them with a promising future.

This seminar provides a thorough understanding of co-generation and combined cycle plants.  Each of the components such as compressors, gas and steam turbines, heat recovery steam generators, deaerators, condensers, lubricating systems, instrumentation, control systems, transformers, and generators are covered in detail.  The selection considerations, operation, maintenance and economics of co-generation plants and combined cycles as well as emission limits, monitoring and governing systems will also be covered thoroughly.  All the significant improvements that were made to co-generation and combined cycles plants during the last two decades will also be explained.

This seminar provides also indepth computer simulation of gas turbines under steady-state and transient conditions.  The analysis performed by gas turbine simulators provides the following benefits:

1. Allow the operator to extend the gas turbine operating period by avoiding unnecessary outages and maintenance activities
2. Determination of essential gas turbine maintenance activities to reduce the duration of the outage

The simulation program is capable of simulating the following parameters to determine their effects on gas turbine performance, turbine creep life, environmental emissions, gas turbine life cycle cost, revenue, and profitability: variations in ambient temperature and pressure, inlet and exhaust losses, engine deterioration, different faults, power augmentation methods including peak mode, and water injection, control system performance (including proportional offset, integral windup, and trips), variations in the fuel type (natural gas, diesel, etc), variations in maintenance techniques and frequency, variations in many key parameters. 
The simulation program is also capable of trending the following:   

1. Many gas turbine key parameters such as exhaust gas temperature, speed, etc.

    2.   Compressor characteristics, and its operating point during engine transients.
These trends can also be provided as bar charts.  The simulated data can be exported to other Window packages such as Excel spreadsheets, etc.  Many simulation exercises are included to describe how the simulation program should be used for different scenarios
including co-generation and combined cycle plants.  
Delegates are encouraged to bring the operational data of their gas turbines,
co-generation and, combined cycle plants.  The instructor will be able to perform simulation of their plants to reduce unnecessary maintenance activities, optimize the profits, and minimize environmental emissions.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a comprehensive understanding of computer simulation of gas turbines, combined cycle and co-generation plants as well as their selection criteria, operation and maintenance requirements, and economics.  Participants will develop an in-depth understanding of these plants and their numerous advantages.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND

Engineers of all disciplines, managers, technicians, maintenance personnel, and other technical individuals

SPECIAL FEATURE

The following is included with your registration:

1. A textbook (600 pages) titled “POWER GENERATION HANDBOOK” published by McGraw-Hill in 2002 and authored by the instructor
2. A manual (300 pages) authored by the instructor covering additional information about power generation and computer simulation
3. Each delegate will receive a copy of the gas turbine computer simulation program

Faculty: Philip Kiameh, University of Toronto/Ontario Power Generation

PROGRAM OUTLINE (3.0 CEUs / 30 PDHs)

Day I

REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS PRINCIPLES

• The First Law
• The Enthalpy
• The Closed System
• The Cycle
• Property Relationships
• Perfect Gases
• Imperfect Gases
• Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Concept of Reversibility
• External and Internal Irreversabilities
• The Concept of Entropy
• The Carnot Cycle

STEAM POWER PLANTS

• The Rankin Cycle
• Reheat
• Regeneration
• Feedwater Heating
• The Internally Irreversible Rankin Cycle
• Open or Direct-Contact Feedwater Heaters
• Closed-Type Feedwater Heater with Drains Cascaded Backward
• Efficiency and Heat Rate
• Supercritical Plants
• Cogeneration
• Types of Cogeneration
  • The Topping Cycle
  • The Bottoming Cycle
  • Arrangements of Cogeneration Plants
  • Economics of Cogeneration

STEAM TURBINE COMPONENTS

• Mechanisms of Energy Conversion in a Steam Turbine
• Turbine components
  • Main components
  • Geometry of the rotating blades (buckets)
  • Rotors, Shafts, and Drums
  • Casings
  • Exhaust Hood
  • Casing illustrations and details
  • Rotor illustrations and details
  • Rotor illustrations and details
  • Blades illustrations and details
  • Nozzle rings and diaphragms illustrations and details
  • Thrust bearings illustrations and details
  • Labyrinth seals illustrations and details
  • Turbine controls illustrations and details
  • Overspeed trip system illustrations and details
  • Testing of Turbine blades
  • Quality Assurance of Turbine Generator Components
  • Assembly and testing of turbine components

STEAM TURBINES AND AUXILARIES

• Introduction
• Turbine Types
• Single Cylinder Turbines
• Compound Turbines
• Turbine Control Systems
• Speed Governors
• Pressure Governors
• Lubrication Requirements
  • Journal Bearings
  • Thrust Bearings
• Hydraulic Control Systems
• Gear Drives
• Turning Gear
• Factors Affecting Lubrication
• Circulation and Heating in the Presence of Air
  • Contamination
• Lubricating Oil Characteristics
  • Viscosity
  • Load Carrying Ability
  • Oxidation Stability
  • Protection against Rusting
  • Water Separating Ability
  • Foam Resistance
  • Entrained Air Release
  • Fire Resistance

STEAM TURBINE MAINTENANCE

• Lifecycle operating cost of a steam turbine
• Steam turbine reliability
• Boroscopic inspection
• Major cause of steam turbine repair and maintenance
• Advanced design features for steam turbines

POWER STATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING

• Turbine efficiency tests
  • Method and effect on heat rate
  • Effect of loading
  • Interpretation of results
• Turbine pressure survey
  • Introduction
  • Application of the method
  • Main shaft gland-leakage rate

THE TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEMS

• Introduction
• Governor Characteristics
• Subsidiary Functions
  • Acceleration Feedback
  • Unloading Gear
  • Governor Speed Reference
  • Closed-Loop Control of Turbine Electrical Load
  • Overspeed Testing
  • Automatic Run-up and Loading Systems
  • Electronic Governing
  • Reheater Relief Valves
  • Hydraulic Fluid System
  • Filtration

STEAM CHESTS AND VALVES

• Steam Chest Arrangements and Construction
• Steam Chest Material
• Steam Strainers
• Emergency Stop Valves
• Governor Valves

TURBINE PROTECTIVE DEVICES

• Possible Hazards
• Protection Scheme
• Overspeed Trip

TURBINE INSTRUMENTATION

• Instrumentation Categories
  • Supervisory Instrumentation
  • Efficiency Instrumentation

LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

• Lubrication Requirements and typical Arrangements
• Oil Pumps
  • Main Lubricating Oil Pump
  • Turbine-driven Oil Booster Pump
  • AC and DC Motor-Driven Auxiliary Oil Pumps
  • Jacking-Oil Pumps and Priming Pumps
  • Oil Tanks
  • Piping
  • Oil Coolers
  • Oil Strainer and Filters
  • Cartridge Filters
  • Duplex Filters
  • Oil Purifiers and Coalescers
  • Centrifugal Separation Systems
  • Static Oil Purifiers/Coalescers
  • Oils and Greases
  • Oils
  • Greases
  • Jacking Oil Systems
  • Greasing Systems

GLAND SEALING SYSTEM

• Function and System Layout
• Labyrinth Seals
• System Layout
• Temperature and Pressure Control
  • Temperature Control
  • Pressure Control
• Gland Steam Condenser

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT TURBINE-GENERATOR
BALANCING, VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND MAINTENANCE
Balancing
Vibration analysis –Cam Bell Diagram
Turbine-Generator Maintenance

FEATURES ENHANCING THE RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF STEAM TURBINES
Steam Turbine Design Philosophy
Measures of Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability
Design Attributes Enhancing Reliability
            Overall Mechanical Design Approach
            Modern Steam Turbine Design Features
            Impulse Wheel-and-Diaphragm Construction
            Turbine Rotor Design
            Interstage Sealing Components
            Bearings
            Auxiliary Systems
            Controls and Instrumentation
            Continuously-Coupled Last Stage Turbine Buckets
            Special Features of Industrial Turbines
Design Attributes Enhancing Maintainability
            Maintainability Features
            Turbine Shells
            Low-Pressure Turbine Exhaust Hoods and Inner Casings
            Rotors
            Nozzle Boxes and Diaphragms
            Steam Path Sealing Features
            Primary Steam Valves
            Bearings and Lubrication System
            Bolting
            Turbine-Generator Control and Supervisory Systems
            Maintenance Recommendations
            Cost/Benefit Analysis of High Reliability, Availability and Maintenance
Performance
            Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Value Calculation
            Conclusion

Day II

GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS
Gas Turbine cycles
Ideal cycles
Waste Heat Recuperators
Reheat Cycle
Combined Cycle Plants

AN OVERVIEW OF GAS TURBINES
Introduction
The Brayton Cycle
Industrial Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines
Aircraft-Derivative Gas Turbines
Medium-Range Gas Turbines
Small Gas Turbines
Major Gas Turbine Components
            Compressors
                   Axial-Flow Compressors
                   Centrifugal Compressors
            Compressor Materials
            Two-Stage Compression
            Regenerators
            Combustors
                   Tubular (side combustors)
                   Can-annular and Annular
                   Combustor Operation
            Turbines
                   Axial-Flow Turbines
                   Radial-Inflow Turbines
                   Heat Recovery Steam Generators
                   Total Energy Arrangement
                   Gas Turbine Applications
                   Comparison of Gas Turbines with Other Prime Movers

GAS TURBINE DESIGN
Introduction
Compressors
            Compressor Off-Design Performance
            Low rotational speeds
            High rotational speeds
Combustors
            Principles of Operation
            Combustor Design Details
            Cooling Provisions
            Transition Housing and Ignition
Turbines
            Turbine operation
            Blade cooling
            Types of cooling
            Effectiveness of the Various Cooling Methods
            Materials
            Performance Degradation

GAS TURBINE CALCULATIONS
Regenerative-Cycle Gas-Turbine Analysis
Calculation Procedure
                  
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Centrifugal compressors technology
Axial compressors overview

GAS TURBINE COMPRESSORS
Centrifugal Compressors
Principle of Operation
Compressor Characteristics
Axial Flow Compressors

COMPRESSOR AUXILIARIES, OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE, STALL, AND  
SURGE
Introduction
Compressor auxiliaries
Compressor off-design performance, low rotational speeds, high rotational speeds
Performance degradation

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS –COMPONENTS, PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, BALANCING, SURGE PREVENTION SYSTEMS AND TESTING
Introduction
Casing Configuration
Construction features
Diaphragms
Interstage seals
Balance piston seals
Impeller Thrust
Performance Characteristics
Slope of the centrifugal compressor head curve
Stonewall
Surge
Off-design Operation
Rotor Dynamics
Rotor Balancing
Surge Prevention Systems
Surge Identification
Liquid Entrainment
Instrumentation
Cleaning Centrifugal Compressors
            Appendix A (Boundary Layer)
                   Definition
                   Description of the Boundary Layer
                   Separation; Wake

DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS PERFORMANCE
Description of a centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal compressor types
            Compressors with horizontally-split casings
            Centrifugal compressors with vertically-split casings
            Compressors with bell casings
            Pipeline compressors
            Performance limitations
            Surge limit
            Stonewall
            Prevention of surge
            Anti-surge control systems

COMPRESSOR SEAL SYSTEMS
Introduction
The supply systems
The seal housing system
The atmospheric draining system
The seal leakage system
            The drainer
            The vent system
            The degassing tank
            The supply system
            The seal housing system
            Gas seals
            Liquid seals
            Liquid bushing seals
            Contacts seals
            Restricted bushing seals
            Seal supply systems
                        Flow through the gas side contact seal
                        Flow through the atmospheric side bushing seal
                        Flow through the seal chamber
            Seal liquid leakage system

Day III

GAS TURBINE COMBUSTORS
Introduction
Combustion Terms
Combustion
Combustion Chamber Design
Flame Stabilization
Combustion and Dilution
Film Cooling of the Liner
Fuel Atomization and Ignition
Gas Injection
Wall Cooling
Wall-Cooling Techniques
Combustor Design Considerations
Air Pollution Problems
            Smoke
            Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide
            Oxides of Nitrogen
Typical Combustor Arrangements
Combustors for Low Emissions
Combustors for Small Engines (less than 3 MW)
Industrial Chambers
Aeroderivative Engines

AXIAL-FLOW TURBINES
Introduction
Turbine Geometry
            Degree of Reaction
            Utilization Factor
            Work Factor
Impulse Turbine
The Reaction Turbine
Turbine Blade Cooling Methods
            Convection Cooling
            Impingement Cooling
            Film Cooling
            Transpiration Cooling
            Water Cooling
Turbine Blade Cooling Designs
            Convection and Impingement Cooling/Strut Insert Design
            Film and Convection Cooling Design
            Transpiration Cooling Design
            Multiple Small-Hole Design
            Water-Cooled Turbine Blades
Cooled-Turbine Aerodynamics

GAS TURBINE MATERIALS
Introduction
General Metallurgical Behaviors in Gas Turbines
            Creep and Rapture
            Ductility and Fracture
            Thermal Fatigue
            Corrosion
Gas Turbine Blade Materials
            Turbine Wheel Alloys
Coating for Gas Turbine Materials

GAS TURBINE LUBRICATION AND FUEL SYSTEMS
Gas Turbine Lubricating Systems
Cold Start Preparation
Fuel Systems
Liquid Fuels
Water and Sediment
Carbon Residue
Trace Metallic Constituents and Sulphur
Vanadium
Lead
Sodium and Potassium
Calcium
Sulphur
Gaseous Fuels
Gas Fuel Systems
Liquid Fuel Systems
Starting
Intake System
Compressor Cleaning

GAS TURBINE BEARING AND SEALS
Bearings
Bearing Design Principles
Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings
Bearing Materials
Bearing and Shaft Instabilities
Thrust Bearings
            Factors Affecting Thrust Bearing Design
            Thrust Bearing Power Loss
Seals
Noncontacting Seals
            Labyrinth Seals
            Ring (Bushing) Seals
Mechanical (Face) Seals
Seal Systems

GAS TURBINE INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Vibration Measurement
Pressure Measurement
Temperature Measurement
            Thermocouples
            Resistive Thermal Detectors
Control Systems
            Speed Control
            Temperature Control
            Protective Systems
Startup Sequence
            Starting Preparations
            Startup Description
            Shutdown
Fuel System
Baseline for Machinery
            Mechanical Baseline
            Aerothermal Baseline
            Data Trending
Compressor Aerothermal Characteristics and Compressor Surge
Failure Diagnostics
            Compressor Analysis
            Combustor Analysis
            Turbine Analysis
            Turbine Efficiency
Mechanical Problem Diagnostics
Instrumentation and Control Systems of a Typical Modern Gas Turbine
            Modern Gas Turbine Control Systems
            Closed-Looped Controllers
Protective Systems
Permissives (Interlocks)
Liquid Fuel Supply
Start-up Sequence of the Gas Turbine
            Cranking Phase
            Acceleration Phase
            Synchronization Phase
            Loading Phase
            Operation Phase
Inlet Guide Vanes
Compressor Bleed Valves
Transmitters

GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Thermodynamic Principles
Thermodynamic Analysis
Factors Affecting Gas Turbine Performance
Air Extraction
Performance Enhancements
Inlet Cooling
Steam and Water Injection for Power Augmentation
Peak Rating
Performance Degradation
Verifying Gas Turbine Performance

GAS TURBINE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Introduction
Gas Turbine Design Maintenance Features
Borescope Inspection
Major Factors Influencing Maintenance and Equipment Life
Starts and Hours Criteria
Service Factors
Fuel
Firing Temperature
Steam/Water Injection
Cyclic Effects
Air Quality
Combustion Inspection
Hot-Gas-Path Inspection
Major Inspection

GAS TURBINE EMISSION GUIDELINES AND CONTROL METHODS
Background
Emissions from Gas Turbines
General Approach for a National Emission Guideline
NOx Emission Target Levels
Power Output Allowance
Heat Recovery Allowance
Emission Levels for Other Contaminants
Carbon Monoxide      
Sulphur Dioxide
Other Contaminants
Size Ranges for Emission Targets
Peaking Units
Emission Monitoring
NOX Emission Control Methods
Water and Steam Injection
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Dry Low-NOX Combustors

Day IV

COMBINED CYCLES
The Nonideal Brayton Cycle
Modifications to the Brayton Cycle
Regeneration
Compressor Intercooling
Turbine Reheat
Water Injection
Design for High Temperature
Materials
Cooling
            Air Cooling
            Water Cooling
Fuels
Combined Cycles
            Combined Cycles with Heat-Recovery Boiler
            The STAG Combined-Cycle Power Plant
            Combined Cycles with Multi-pressure Steam

INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLES
Introduction
IGCC Processes
IGCC Plant Considerations
            Turnkey Cost
            Size of IGCC
            Output Enhancement
            Emission Reduction
            Nitrogen Oxides
            Air Pollutants
            Mercury
            Carbon Dioxide
Reliability, Availability and Maintenance
Coke fuel, Introduction, Properties and Usage, Other Coking Processes

SINGLE-SHAFT COMBINED-CYCLE POWER GENERATION PLANTS
Introduction
Performance of Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Plants
Environmental Impact
Equipment Configurations
Starting Systems
Auxiliary Steam Supply
Plant Arrangement
Maintenance
Advantages of Single-Shaft Combined Cycle Plants

ABSORPTION CHILLERS
Introduction
Lithium Bromide cycles

SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS OF COMBINED CYCLES AND CO
GENERATION PLANTS
Introduction
The Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Cogeneration Steam Considerations
Requirement of Chrome-Moly Steel
Misleading Thermodynamics
Equipment Availability
Maintenance Cost
Operational Cost
Turbine Cost
Operating Staff
Heat of Condensation
Pipework of Steam Host
Requirement of Steam Host
Combined Cycle
Selection and Economics of Combined Cycles
Guidelines

APPLICATIONS OF CO-GENERATION AND COMBINED CYCLE PLANTS
Guidelines for Addition of a Steam Turbine
Scenario a –Food Processing Plant
Solution

Scenario B –Repowering a Power Generating Plant

Solution
Scenario C –Chemical Plant
Solution
Scenario D –Pulp and Paper Plant
Solution

COGENERATION APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
Cogeneration
Net Heat to Process and Fuel Chargeable to Power
Steam Turbines for Cogeneration
Gas Turbine Power Enhancement
Gas Turbine Exhaust Heat Recovery
Heat Recovery Steam Generators
Unfired HRSG
Supplementary –Fired HRSG
Fully-Fired HRSG
Cycle Configurations
Cogeneration Opportunities

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO CENTRAL STEAM, CO-GENERATION & DISTRICT HEATING PLANT         
Historical Background
Plant description and details

ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMBINED CYCLE PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OPTIONS
Introduction
Economic Evaluation Technique
Output Enhancement
Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling Methods
Evaporative Cooling Theory
Wetted-Honeycomb Evaporative Coolers
Water Requirements for Evaporative Coolers
Foggers
Evaporative Intercooling
 Inlet Chilling
Inlet Chilling Methods
Off-Peak Thermal Energy Storage
Gas Vaporizers of Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Power Augmentation
Gas Turbine Steam/Water Injection
Supplementary Fired HRSG
Peak Firing
Output Enhancement Summary
Efficiency Enhancement
Fuel Heating
Conclusion

SELECTION OF THE BEST POWER ENHANCEMENT OPTION FOR COMBINED CYCLE PLANTS
Plant description
Evaluation of inlet-air pre-cooling option
Evaluation of inlet-air chilling option
Evaluation of absorption chilling system
Evaluation of the steam and water injection options
Evaluation of supplementary firing in HRSG option
Comparison of all power enhancement options

ECONOMICS OF COMBINED CYCLES CO-GENERATION PLANTS
Deregulation and tax incentives, natural gas prices, and economic growth
Financial analysis
Capital cost, operating and maintenance cost
Economic evaluation of different combined cycles' configurations
Electricity purchase rate

Day V

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF GAS TURBINES
Introduction
Effects of ambient temperature on gas turbine performance
Effects of ambient pressure on gas turbine performance
Simulation of effects of component deterioration on engine performance
Compressor fouling
Turbine damage
Power Augmentation
Peak rating
Power augmentation by water injection
Simulation of engine control system performance
Proportional-integral-derivative control loop
Proportional action
Proportional and integral action
Proportional, integral and derivative action
Signal selection
Optimizing Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Trips
Variable Inlet Guide Vanes (VIGV) control
Profits, Revenue and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Effects of ambient temperature and pressure on life cycle cost
Power augmentation
Performance deterioration
Maintenance cost
Non-Dimensional Analysis
Application of Flow Compatibility Equation during Hot End Damage
Application of Flow Compatibility Equation When the Ambient Temperature Drops  
Computer Simulation Applications
Computer simulation applications for several gas turbine installations
Computer simulation applications for several co-generation and combined cycle plants
                  
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF GAS TURBINES AND COMBINED CYCLES EXCERCISES AND SOLUTIONS
Effects of ambient temperature and pressure on engine performance:
Determine the maximum generator power, gas turbine shaft power and thermal efficiency for the engine when operating at ISO conditions. What is the creep life usage of the turbine? ISO conditions refer to an ambient temperature and pressure of 15 degrees Celsius and 1.013Bar respectively and zero inlet and exhaust losses. What limits the power output from the gas turbine?
Determine the emissions from the gas turbine and hence calculate the amount of NOx, CO and CO2 in Tonnes/year       

1. The engine operating at site has the following conditions:

 • Ambient temperature 15 degrees Celsius
 • Ambient pressure 1.013 Bar
 • Inlet and exhaust loss of 100 mm water gauge
       2.  Determine the parameters in exercise 1 above and calculate the percent changes in
the parameters when operating at site rated conditions. Explain the changes in the
turbine life usage
       3.  Determine the percent changes in the parameters in exercise 1 when:
1) The ambient temperature is 30 degrees Celsius
2) The ambient temperature is zero degrees Celsius
3) The ambient temperature is –15 degrees Celsius
What limits the power output from the gas turbine when operating at these
ambient temperatures?
Repeat this simulation exercise using the control system option 2. Comment on
the operation of the variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) at these ambient conditions
       4.  When operating at site rated conditions as stipulated in exercise 2, determine the
parameters in exercise 1 when the ambient pressure is 0.975 Bar and calculate the
percent change from the values determined in exercise 1 above.
       5. When the required power output from the generator is 37MW and the ambient
pressure and temperature are 0.975 Bar and 15 degrees Celsius respectively.
Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine. If the ambient pressure
increases to 1.03 Bar explain the why the thermal efficiency decreases and explain the changes in the turbine creep life usage and emissions.
        6. Produce a graph describing the maximum gas turbine power output with ambient
temperature indicating what engine parameter restricts the capacity of the gas
turbine at different ambient temperatures. Also, determine the ambient
temperature when the engine power output is limited by exhaust gas temperature
and maximum power limit. The variation in ambient temperature should be from
30 to –17 degrees Celsius in steps of 10 degrees.
        7. Increased filter loss and low ambient pressure reduces the compressor inlet
pressure. When the engine developing 37MW of electrical power explain
difference in thermal efficiency when the compressor inlet pressure decreases due
to a high filter loss and low ambient pressure.
        8. Use the gas turbine to demonstrate the benefits of a closed cycle gas turbine.
        9. If this engine operates as a closed cycle gas turbine using air as the working fluid
            with a system pressure is 5 Bars, estimate the maximum power output from the
gas turbine. What is the thermal efficiency of the closed cycle gas turbine?
Assume a compressor inlet temperature of 15 degrees Celsius.
      10. A factory is being planed and it has been decided that the plant shall generate its
own electrical power of 32 MW with the prospect of selling any surplus power to
the grid. Two possible sites are suitable. The average ambient temperature and
pressure of the first site is 30 Celsius and 1.013 Bar respectively. The second site
is at a higher elevation and the average ambient temperature and pressure is 15
degrees Celsius and 0.975 Bar respectively. Use the simulator to determine the
most suitable site based on engine performance. Assume an inlet and exhaust loss
of 100 mm water gauge respectively.

FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Capacitors
Current and Resistance
The Magnetic Field
Ampère’s Law
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
Faraday’s Law of Induction
Lenz’s Law
Inductance
Alternating Currents
            Resistive Circuit
            Capacitive Circuit
            Inductive Curcuit

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS
Common Terms and Principles
The Magnetic Field
            Production of a Magnetic Field
            Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
            Faraday’s Law –Induced Voltage From a Magnetic Field Changing With Time
            Production of Induced Force on a Wire
            Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field

TRANSFORMERS
Importance of Transformers
Types and Construction of Transformers
The Ideal Transformer
Power in an Ideal Transformer
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Transformers
Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers
The Voltage Ratio across a Transformer
The Magnetizing Current in a Real Transformer
The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer

TRANSFORMER COMPONENTS AND MAINTENANCE
Introduction
Classification of Transformers
Dry Transformers
Oil-Immersed Transformers
Main Components of a Power Transformer
Transformer Core
Windings
Nitrogen Demand System
Conservator Tank with Air Cell
Current Transformers
Bushings
Tap Changers
Insulation
Types and Features of Insulation
Reasons for Deterioration
Forces
Cause of Transformer Failures
Transformer Oil
Testing Transformer Insulating Oil
Causes of Deterioration
            The Neutralization Number Test
The Interfacial Tension Test
The Myers Index Number
The Transformer Oil Classification System
Methods of Dealing with Bad Oil
Gas-in-Oil
Gas Relay and Collection Systems
Introduction
Gas Relay
Relief Devices
Interconnection with the Grid

AC MACHINE FUNDAMENTALS
The Rotating Magnetic Field
Proof of the Rotating Magnetic Flux Concept
The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
Reversing the Direction of the Magnetic Field Rotation
Induced Voltage in AC Machines
The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
The Induced Torque in the AC Machine
Winding Insulation in AC Machines
AC Machine Power Flows and Losses

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION
The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator
The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator
Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators
The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
Parallel Operation of AC Generators
The Conditions Required for Paralleling
The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators
Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator
Operation of Generators in Parallel with Large Power Systems
Synchronous Generator Ratings
The Voltage, Speed and Frequency Ratings
Apparent Power and Power-Factor Ratings
Synchronous Generator Capability Curves
Short-Time Operation and Service Factor

GENERATOR COMPONENTS, AUXILIARIES AND EXCITATION
Introduction
The Rotor
Rotor Winding
Rotor End Rings
Wedges and Dampers
Sliprings, Brushgear and Shaft Grounding
Fans
Rotor Threading and Alignment
Vibration
Bearings and Seals
Size and Weight
Turbine-Generator Component –The Stator
Stator Core
Core Frame
Stator Winding
End Winding Support
Electrical Connections and Terminals
            Stator Winding Cooling Components
            Hydrogen Cooling Components
            Stator Casing
Cooling Systems
Hydrogen Cooling
Hydrogen Cooling System
Shaft Seals and Seal Oil System
Thrust Type Seal
Journal Type Seal
Seal Oil Systems
Stator Winding Water Cooling System
            Other Cooling Systems
Excitation
AC Excitation Systems
Exciter Transient Performance
The Pilot Exciter
Exciter Performance Testing
Pilot Exciter Protection
Brushless Excitation Systems
The Rotating Armature Main Exciter
The Voltage-Regulator
Background
System Description
The Regulator
Auto Follow-Up Circuit
Manual Follow-Up
AVR Protection
The Digital AVR
Excitation Control
Rotor Current Limiter
Overfluxing Limit
            The Power System Stabilizer
            Characteristics of Generator Exciter Power System (GEP)
            Excitation System Analysis
Generator Operation
Running-up to Speed
Open Circuit Conditions and Synchronizing
The Application of a Load
Capability Chart
Neutral Grounding
Rotor Torque

GENERATOR TESTING, INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
Generator Operational Checks
Major Overhaul
Appendix A –Generator Diagnostic Testing
Introduction
Stator Insulation Tests
DC Tests for Stator and Rotor Windings
                   Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index
       Test Setup and Performance
               Interpretation
               DC Hipot Test
       High Voltage Step and Ramp Tests
       AC Tests for Stator Windings
       Partial Discharge Tests
              Off-Line Conventional PD Test
               Test Setup and Performance
               Interpretation
               On-Line Conventional pd Test
       Dissipation Factor and Tip-Up Test
               Tip-Up Test
       Stator Turn Insulation Surge Test
       Synchronous Machine Rotor Windings
       Open Circuit Test for Shorted Turns
       Air Gap Search Coil for Detecting Shorted Turns
       Impedance Test with Rotor Installed
       Detecting the Location of Shorted Turns with Rotor Removed
       Low Voltage AC Test
       Low Voltage DC Test
       Field Winding Ground Fault Detectors
       Surge Testing for Rotor Shorted Turns and Ground Faults
       Low Core Flux Test (EL-CID)
Appendix B –Mechanical Tests
       Introduction
       Stator Windings Tightness Check
       Stator Winding Side Clearance Check
       Core Laminations Tightness Check
       Visual Techniques
               Groundwall Insulation
               Rotor Winding
                        Turn Insulation
                        Slot Wedges and Bracing

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Review of Thermodynamic Principles

ADJOURNMENT

30 PDHs

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

• Gain a thorough understanding of computer simulation on gas turbines, co-generation, and combined cycle plants
  
• Learn about all components and subsystems of the various types of gas turbines, steam power plants, co-generation, and combined cycle plants
  
• Examine the advantages, applications, performance and economics of co-generation and combined cycle plants
  
• Learn about various equipment including compressors, turbines, governing systems, combustors, deaerators, feed water heaters, transformers, generators, and auxiliaries
  
• Discover the maintenance required for gas turbines, steam power plants, and generators to minimize their operating cost and maximize their efficiency, reliability, and longevity
  
• Learn about the monitoring and control of environmental emissions
  
• Discover the latest instrumentation and control systems of gas turbines and combined cycles
  
• Increase your knowledge of predictive and preventive maintenance, reliability and testing
  
• Gain a thorough understanding of the selection considerations and applications of co-generation and combined-cycle plants

Instructor

Prof. Philip Kiameh performed research on power generation equipment with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited at their Chalk River and Whiteshell Nuclear Research Laboratories.  He also has more than 27 years of practical engineering experience with Ontario Power Generation (formerly, Ontario Hydro - the largest electric utility in North America). While in Ontario Hydro, Prof. Philip Kiameh worked as Training Manager, Engineering Supervisor, System Responsible Engineer and Design Engineer. During this period, he was the manager of a section that provided training for the staff at the power stations.  This training covered all the equipment and systems used in power stations.  Philip was also responsible for the operation, maintenance, diagnostics, and testing of gas turbines, steam turbines, generators, motors, transformers, inverters, valves, pumps, compressors, instrumentation and control systems. Further, his responsibilities included designing, engineering, diagnosing equipment problems and recommending solutions to repair deficiencies and improve system performance, supervising engineers, setting up preventive maintenance programs, writing Operating and Design Manuals, and commissioning new equipment. 

Professor Philip Kiameh was awarded his Bachelor of Engineering Degree "with distinction" from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He also received a Master of Applied Science in Engineering (M.A.Sc.) from the University of Ottawa, Canada. He is also a member of the Association of Professional Engineers in the province of Ontario, Canada.